A Calligram

A calligram can be a poem, phrase or even a single word where you arrange the words or letters to make an image which expresses the meaning of your content. To construct a calligram you can use computer generated text, calligraphy or handwriting make that image.

Due to the advances in design technology and the popularity of the internet, calligrams are being created and shared in increasing numbers. They are appearing more frequently on internet forums, blogs, websites and online art galleries. Calligrams have progressed from being primarily monochrome to using a wide array of colours, this is again due to the advances in graphic design technologies.

Calligrams have also stemmed two similar forms of visual poetry; these are known as concrete art or visual art. These two types of poetry allow you to arrange your poem’s words in an order which creates an image. In most cases, the image the words create is more important than the actual words used in your poem.

Arguably the most famous artist who has produced calligrams is Guillaume Apollinaire. Apollianire was born in Rome during 1880 and was named Wilhelm Albert Włodzimierz Apolinary Kostrowicki. He spent his early years in Rome. Eventually he moved from Rome to Paris and established himself in Paris’ artistic communities which at the time included Pablo Picasso, Gertrude Stein and Max Jacob.

Apollinaire created a volume of calligrams which was titles calligrammes. The release of the volume made him, and calligrams, famous worldwide. Amongst his collection of works, his most popular is a piece where the poem’s words create the shape of the Eiffel Tower. He has also produced other easily recognizable pieces; Cheval, where a horse is created by the poem’s words and Il Pleut; where the words create the impression of rain.

Here is one we have created:

Anagram

Anagram Definition

Anagram is a form of word play in which letters of a word or phrase are rearranged in such a way that a new word or phrase is formed.

Anagram is formed by using exactly the same letters of the original word but with a different arrangement. For example, the letters in the word “Shakespeare” can be rearranged to form an anagram “Keshareapes”. However, an anagram in literature is not a nonsensical arrangement of words as in the previous example. Rather, it aims at parodying, criticizing or praising its subject i.e. the original word. For instance, a most famous anagram for “William Shakespeare” is “I am a weakish speller”.

Common Anagram Examples

We play with words in our everyday life to create anagrams that are funny and witty. Usually, Anagrams are most interesting when they are relevant to each other. Some hilarious anagram examples are given below:

• Mother-in-law = Hitler woman
• Debit card = Bad credit
• Dormitory = Dirty Room
• The earthquakes = The queer shakes
• Astronomer = Moon starrer
• Punishments = Nine Thumps
• School master = The classroom

Example of Anagram in Literature

Examples #1

In literature the use of anagrams is most commonly connected to pseudonyms where the writers jumble the letters of their original names to create interesting pseudonyms for themselves. Below are some famous examples:

• Jim Morrison = Mr. Mojo Risin
• Edward Gorey = Ogdred Weary
• Dave Barrey = Ray Adverb
• Glen Duncen = Declan Gunn
• Damon Albarn = Dan Abnormal

Examples #2

We see anagrams being employed by several writers in titles of their works and in naming their character giving them a touch of wit and mystery. Look at the examples below:

• “Hamlet” by William Shakespeare is an anagram of “Amleth”, a Danish prince.
• Vladamir  Nabakov in his novel “Lolita” presents a character “Vivian Darkbloom” which is an anagram of his name.
• J.K. Rowling in her “Harry Potter Series” uses an anagram “I am Lord Voldemort” for her character Tom Marvolo Riddle to reveal the two different identities of the villain.
• The two main characters of a novel “The Rebel Angels”, Claire McCleethy Hester Asa Moore, use anagrams to give themselves different names i.e. “They Call Me Circe” and “Sarah Rees-Toome” respectively.

Examples #3

In Dan Brown’s novel “Da Vinci Code”, the curator of the museum “Jacques Saunière” wrote the following inscription with his blood:

“O, Draconian devil!
Oh, lame saint!
So dark the con of Man”

These were actually the clues related to “Da Vinci” and were decoded as “O, Draconian devil!” = “Leonardo Da Vinci”, “Oh, lame saint!” = “The Mona Lisa” and “So dark the con of Man” = “Madonna of the Rocks”.

In the same novel, we see a character “Leigh Teabing”, the Holy Grail expert, who invents an apt name for himself by anagramming the names of the authors of “The Holy Blood and The Holy Grail”: Michael Baigent, Richard Leigh, and Henry Lincoln.

Examples #4

Jonathan Swift had an uncanny skill of inventing new and unusual names for his fictitious characters and places by using anagrammatic method. We find interesting examples of anagrams in Jonathan Swift’s novel “Gulliver’s Travels”. For instance, “Brobdingnag”, a land occupied by giants, is an anagram of three words: big, grand and noble excluding the syllable “-le”. Similarly, “Tribinia” and “Langden”, the two other kingdoms traveled by Gulliver during his voyage, are anagrams of Britain and England respectively.

Function of Anagram

The above discussion reveals that anagrams are commonly used in both everyday life and literature. They, if relevant, provide instances of wit and humor. Additionally, this word play presents itself as a recreational activity in the form of word puzzles (cross words, upwords, scrabble, etc.) to sharpen the deciphering skills of kids as well as adults.

In literature, authors may use anagrams to hide their identity by coining a pseudonym for themselves but still giving interesting clues to keen observers. Similarly, the anagrammatic names of characters and places in a literary piece add layers of meanings to the otherwise nonsense names and therefore further motivate and develop interest in the readers. In mystery or detective novels and short stories, anagrams play a vital role in proving clues to unfold a mystery.

Academic Writing Students,

To write the article use the video (documental) you are working on, in this case you know what is the topic and it is easy to you to write the article.

For the c.v use this site:

https://europass.cedefop.europa.eu/es/documents/curriculum-vitae/templates-instructions

https://www.cambridge-bayern.de/pruefungsvorbereitung/pruefungsvorbereitung-cae.html.

LISTENING COMPREHENSION TEST. CAE

ACADEMIC WRITING

Write a Descriptive essay based on one of these paintings.

The Walk, Woman with a Parasol, Claude Monet 1875, oil on canvas 100 x 81 cm, National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C. USA. This canvas is also known as Madame Monet and her Son.

Vincent van Gogh
Painting, Oil on Canvas
Saint-Rémy, France: June, 1889
The Museum of Modern Art
New York, New York, United States of America, North America

Probably Picasso's most famous work, Guernica is certainly the his most powerful political statement, painted as an immediate reaction to the Nazi's devastating casual bombing practice on the Basque town of Guernica during Spanish Civil War.

  Descritive Essay by Claudita Mosquera on Scribd

  Argumentative Essay by Claudita Mosquera on Scribd

Academic Discourse in English as a Foreign Language Students, here you have some of the most representative essays in academic writing, please read and work on them by groups. Don't forget to check the bibliography for this topic.

Guide to Different Kinds of Essay

An essay is a short piece of writing that discusses, describes or analyzes one topic. It can discuss a subject directly or indirectly, seriously or humorously. It can describe personal opinions, or just report information. An essay can be written from any perspective, but essays are most commonly written in the first person (I), or third person (subjects that can be substituted with the he, she, it, or they pronouns).

There are many different kinds of essays. The following are a some of the most common ones:

Descriptive	Cause/Effect	Argumentative
Definition	Narrative	Critical
Compare/Contrast	Process

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Descriptive:

Examples: A descriptive essay could describe . . .

* a tree in my backyard;

* a visit to the children's ward of a hospital;

* a hot fudge sundae;

* what an athlete did in order to make it to the Olympics.

The descriptive essay provides details about how something looks, feels, tastes, smells, makes one feel, or sounds. It can also describe what something is, or how something happened. These essays generally use a lot of sensory details. The essay could be a list-like description that provides point by point details. Or, it could function as a story, keeping the reader interested in the plot and theme of the event described.

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Definition:

Examples: A definition essay may try and define . . .

* the meaning of an abstract concept, like love;

* the true meaning and importance of honesty;

* how the meaning of family goes deeper than just your blood relatives.

A definition essay attempts to define a specific term. It could try to pin down the meaning of a specific word, or define an abstract concept. The analysis goes deeper than a simple dictionary definition; it should attempt to explain why the term is defined as such. It could define the term directly, giving no information other than the explanation of the term. Or, it could imply the definition of the term, telling a story that requires the reader to infer the meaning.

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Compare/Contrast:

Examples:Acompare/contrast essay may discuss . . .

* the likenesses and differences between two places, like New York City and Los Angeles;

* the similarities and differences between two religions, like Christianity and Judaism;

* two people, like my brother and myself.

The compare/contrast essay discusses the similarities and differences between two things, people, concepts, places, etc. The essay could be an unbiased discussion, or an attempt to convince the reader of the benefits of one thing, person, or concept. It could also be written simply to entertain the reader, or to arrive at an insight into human nature. The essay could discuss both similarities and differences, or it could just focus on one or the other. A comparison essay usually discusses the similarities between two things, while the contrast essay discusses the differences.

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Cause/Effect:

Examples:A cause/effect essay may explain . . .

* why a volcano erupts, and what happens afterwards;

* what happens after a loved one's death.

The cause/effect essay explains why or how some event happened, and what resulted from the event. This essay is a study of the relationship between two or more events or experiences. The essay could discuss both causesand effects, or it could simply address one or the other. A cause essay usually discusses the reasons why something happened. An effect essay discusses what happens after a specific event or circumstance.

The below example shows a cause essay, one that would explain how and why an event happened.

If this cause essay were about a volcanic eruption, it might go something like:
"Pressure and heat built up beneath the earth's surface; theeffect of this was an enormous volcanic eruption."

The next example shows an effect essay, one that would explain all the effects that happened after a specific event, like a volcanic eruption.

If this effect essay were about a volcanic eruption again, it might go something like:
"The eruption caused many terrible things to happen; it destroyed homes, forests, and polluted the atmosphere."

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Narrative:

Examples:A narrative essay could tell of . . .

* my brother's and my fishing trips;

* a boring trip to the grocery store;

* my near-death experience at the beach.

The narrative essay tells a story. It can also be called a "short story." Generally the narrative essay is conversational in style, and tells of a personal experience. It is most commonly written in the first person (uses I). This essay could tell of a single, life-shaping event, or simply a mundane daily experience.

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Process:

Examples: A process essay may explain . . .

* how to properly re-pot a plant;

* how an individual came to appreciate hard work.

A process essay describes how something is done. It generally explains actions that should be performed in a series. It can explain in detail how to accomplish a specific task, or it can show how an individual came to a certain personal awareness. The essay could be in the form of step-by-step instructions, or in story form, with the instructions/explanations subtly given along the way.

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Argumentative:

Examples: An argumentative essay may persuade a reader that . . .

* he or she should use public transportation instead of driving.

* cats are better than dogs.

An argumentative essay is one that attempts to persuade the reader to the writer's point of view. The writer can either be serious or funny, but always tries to convince the reader of the validity of his or her opinion. The essay may argue openly, or it may attempt to subtly persuade the reader by using irony or sarcasm.

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Critical:

Examples: A critical essaymay analyze . . .

* how Shakespeare presents the character, Othello, in his play, Othello;

* the strengths and weaknesses of the movie,Children of a Lesser God;

* the use of color in Monet's painting, Sunflowers.

A critical essay analyzes the strengths, weaknesses and methods of someone else's work. Generally these essays begin with a brief overview of the main points of the text, movie, or piece of art, followed by an analysis of the work's meaning. It should then discuss how well the author/creator accomplishes his/her goals and makes his/her points. A critical essay can be written about another essay, story, book, poem, movie, or work of art.